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#Economy
[Long] Concrete Boxes
The cost of South Korea’s rapid growth
Updated: 2024.06.12
5 min read · Advanced
material_image
[Long] Concrete Boxes

Gangnam, Seoul, South Korea—elegantly dressed office workers pour out onto the streets, flanked [1] by coworkers to take their lunch break. Sleek, minimalistic interiors of high-rise buildings mirror the impeccable [2] getup and makeup of these workers, but a closer look betrays a hint of fatigue that layers of foundation could not conceal. Starbucks outlets and other upscale coffee shops are everywhere, supplying black blood to a city that never sleeps.

Seoul’s modern, cutting-edge image is a cherished symbol of South Korea’s first-world status. Today, the country is home to innovative tech giants and is one of the world’s largest economies in the world with a GDP per capita of $34,998. But bright neon signs, impressive buildings, and streets abuzz with well-dressed people are not the only markers of Seoul’s cityscape. There is another prominent yet less discussed feature: the apartments.

Almost identical-looking apartments cover Seoul and adjacent cities, so much so that when looked at from above, you can easily spot clusters of coiling dominos. These apartments are the legacy of the rapid, centralized economic development South Korea went through in the 60s and 70s, yet the country has not seen a lot of new demand for other forms of living. Their looks are nearly unchanged from the boom years—most are rectangular with a huge construction company logo or unit numbers stamped on the side. The buildings are housed in a guarded complex, where you typically find artificial streams, a playground, and overground and underground parking areas.

Despite the undeniable “communist feel” of these buildings that “resemble the buildings seen in some parts of Moscow,” as once described by a The Washington Post journalist, owning an apartment, especially one developed by a recognizable company, is a status symbol in South Korea. It is possible South Korea’s early developers who studied in the US were influenced by the boxy look of stand-alone suburban homes, but the country’s apartments have a uniquely homogenous look designed for convenience and not beauty. According to one judge who oversaw an annual contest to select the best apartment constructed within the previous year, copycatting is rampant [3] within the industry, with little incentive to innovate.

The apartments were initially designed and built by South Korea’s military leaders working in tandem with conglomerates who had considerable economic and political leeway granted by the regime to expedite growth. The apartments were designed primarily for convenience and cost-efficiency as the country was scrambling its way up after a devastating war that followed decades of colonial rule. But they were also a good propaganda tool, concrete proof of the government’s promise to improve living situations. These were times when people were tightening their belts and aspiring for higher education as their only ticket to a better life, and clean, convenient apartments were partial answers to their hopes.

But the oppressive look of apartments has gone unquestioned for a long time, longer than they deserve. A hallmark of Europe’s historical towns is their old, lop-sided buildings that add to the romantic feel by virtue of their irregularity. In Rouen, Normandy, France, for example, old buildings that tilt one way or the other, with uneven wooden beams, carvings with faces blown out, thatched roofs, cones, and curves, are what make the architectural environment appealing. Perhaps Seoul’s apartments represent South Korea’s focus on family life over community life, as each well-lit and clean unit contributes to domestic comfort while adding nothing more than a drab view from the outside. But placing oneself in a community designed with aesthetic principles—artistic living—satisfies a part of us that is often overlooked [4], despite being crucial to our humanity.

In Honfleur, a colorful and festive seaside commune in France, an onlooker of a beautifully-kept mansion pointed at its decorative finial and said, “Look, that’s a sign of wealth, slightly boastful, perhaps, but it’s beautiful. The decoration adds something to the community. And strangers who walk by get to reap the benefit—it’s a pleasure to behold.”

[긴 지문] 콘크리트 상자 아파트

대한민국 서울 강남, 우아한 차림의 직장인들이 점심시간을 맞아 동료들과 함께 거리로 쏟아져 나옵니다. 고층 건물의 세련되고 미니멀한 인테리어는 직장인들의 완벽한 옷차림과 화장을 그대로 반영하지만, 이들을 자세히 살펴보면 여러 겹의 화장으로도 감출 수 없는 피로의 흔적을 발견할 수 있습니다. 스타벅스 매장과 다른 고급 커피숍들이 곳곳에 자리를 잡고, 이 잠들지 않는 도시에 검은 피를 공급하고 있습니다.

서울의 현대적 최첨단 이미지는 선진국으로서 한국의 지위를 나타내는 소중한 상징입니다. 오늘날 한국은 혁신적인 대형 기술업체들의 본거지이자 1인당 GDP(국내총생산)가 3만 4천 998달러에 달하는 세계 최대 경제 대국 중 하나입니다. 하지만 화려한 네온사인, 멋진 건물, 잘 차려입은 사람들로 붐비는 거리만이 서울의 도시 경관을 나타내는 것은 아닙니다. 눈에 두드러지지만 자주 언급되지 않는 또 다른 특징이 있는데, 바로 아파트입니다.

거의 똑같이 생긴 아파트 건물들이 서울과 인근 도시를 뒤덮고 있는 나머지, 하늘에서 내려다보면 건물들이 마치 도미노를 세워놓은것 처럼 여기저기 뭉쳐 있는 모습을 쉽게 발견할 수 있을 정도입니다. 이러한 아파트는 60~70년대 한국이 겪은 급속한 중앙집권적 경제 개발의 유산이지만, 그 이후로도 한국에는 이와 다른 주거 형태에 대한 새로운 수요는 많지 않습니다. 아파트의 외관은 아파트가 빠르게 지어지던 시절과 거의 변하지 않아서 대부분 직사각형 건물에 대형 건설사 로고나 건물 번호가 측면에 찍혀 있습니다. 건물들은 일반적으로 경비실이 지키고 있는 단지 안에 자리잡고 있으며 보통 인공 시내, 놀이터, 지상 및 지하 주차장을 갖추고 있습니다.

"모스크바의 일부 지역에서 볼 수 있는 건물과 비슷하다"는 워싱턴 포스트 기자의 표현처럼, 이 건물들이 "공산주의적인 느낌"을 주는 것은 부인할 수 없지만, 그럼에도 불구하고 한국에서 아파트, 특히 유명 회사가 개발한 아파트를 소유하는 것은 지위의 상징입니다. 미국에서 유학한 한국의 초기 개발자들이 미국 교외 단독 주택의 박스형 외관에 영향을 받았을 가능성이 있지만, 한국의 아파트는 아름다움이 아닌 편의를 위해 설계된 균일한 외관을 가지고 있습니다. 이전 년도에 건설된 최고의 아파트를 선정하는 연례 콘테스트를 감독한 한 심사위원에 따르면, 업계에는 모방이 만연해 있을 뿐 혁신에 대한 인센티브가 거의 없다고 합니다.

처음에 아파트는 한국의 군부 출신 지도자들이, 성장 촉진을 위해 정부가 상당한 경제적, 정치적 자유를 부여힌 대기업들과 협력하여 설계하고 건설했습니다. 이 아파트들은 한국이 수십 년간의 식민 통치 이후 참혹한 전쟁을 겪은 후 서둘러 국가를 재건하는 과정에서 주로 편의성과 비용 효율성을 위해 설계되었습니다. 하지만 이것은 주거 환경을 개선하겠다는 정부의 약속을 구체적으로 증명하는 좋은 선전 도구이기도 했습니다. 당시 사람들은 허리띠를 졸라매고 더 나은 삶을 위한 유일한 티켓으로 고등 교육을 열망했고, 깨끗하고 편리한 아파트는 이러한 희망에 대한 부분적인 해답이었습니다.

그러나 이 아파트의 억압하는듯한 겉모습은 그럴 정도가 아님에도 오랫동안, 문제를 제기하는 이도 없이 지속되어 왔습니다. 유럽의 역사적인 도시의 특징은 낡고 기울어진 건물들로 그 불규칙한 모양새 덕분에 낭만적인 느낌이 더합니다. 예를 들어 프랑스 노르망디의 루앙의 경우, 울퉁불퉁한 나무 기둥, 얼굴이 날아가고 없는 조각, 초가 지붕, 원뿔, 곡선 등이 어우러진 이리저리 기운 낡은 건물들이 그곳의 건축 환경을 매력적으로 만듭니다. 어쩌면 서울의 아파트는 공동체 생활보다 가족 생활을 중시하는 한국인의 성향을 대변하는 것일지도 모릅니다. 밝게 불이 들어온 깨끗한 각 세대는 밖에서 볼 때는 멋없이 진부한 경관일 뿐이지만 가정의 안락함에 기여하고 있으니까요. 하지만 미적 원칙을 가지고 설계된 커뮤니티에 사는 것, 즉 예술적으로 사는 삶은 인간에게 매우 중요함에도 종종 간과되곤 하는 우리의 한 부분을 충족시켜 줍니다.

화려한 색채와 축제적 분위기를 가진 프랑스의 해변 마을 옹플뢰르에서 아름답게 관리된 저택을 구경하던 사람이 건물 꼭대기 장식을 가리키며 말합니다. "보세요. 저것이 부의 상징입니다. 약간 거만한 듯하지만 아름답습니다. 저 장식은 이 커뮤니티 전체에 무언가를 더해줍니다. 그리고 그 옆을 지나는 낯선 사람들도 그 혜택, 즉 그 광경을 목격하는 즐거움을 누릴 수 있으니까요."

Discussion Questions
Q1
In your own words, please briefly summarize the article.
여러분의 언어로 교재를 간단히 요약해 주세요.
Q2
What part of the reading resonated with you most?
이번 교재에서 가장 공감하는 내용은 무엇인가요?
Q3
What are your impressions of Gangnam, Seoul? Explain.
서울 강남에 대한 인상은 어떠세요? 설명해 주세요.
Q4
In your opinion, what are the pros and cons of living in Seoul, a fast-paced, technologically advanced city?
빠르게 변화하는 첨단 기술 도시인 서울에 사는 것의 장단점은 무엇이라고 생각하시나요?
Q5
Owning an apartment in South Korea is seen as a status symbol. What are some status symbols in your country or culture?
한국에서 아파트를 소유하는 것은 지위의 상징으로 여겨집니다. 여러분의 국가나 문화권에서는 어떤 지위의 상징이 있나요?
Q6
Do you think there is a trade-off between functionality and aesthetics in urban design? Explain.
도시 디자인에서 기능성과 미학 사이에 상충되는 부분이 있다고 생각하시나요? 설명해 주세요.
Q7
Do you agree that artistic living spaces contribute to a sense of community and well-being? Why or why not?
예술적인 주거 공간이 공동체 의식과 웰빙에 기여한다는 데 동의하시나요? 그렇거나 그렇지 않은 이유는 무엇인가요?
Q8
If you have a question or questions that you'd like to discuss during your class, please write them down.
궁금한 점이 있거나 수업 중에 얘기해 보고 싶은 질문이 있으면 적어주세요.
Expressions
flank
the side of a person's or animal's body between the ribs and the hip; to be situated on each side of or on one side of something
例文
1

The soldiers advanced, with tanks flanking them on both sides.

例文
2

A small stream flanked the path through the forest.

impeccable
in accordance with the highest standards; faultless
例文
1

Her performance was impeccable, earning her a standing ovation.

例文
2

He was known for his impeccable manners and professional demeanor.

rampant
spreading unchecked and uncontrolled
例文
1

My friend was hesitant to move into a neighborhood closer to his office because of the rampant violence in the community.

例文
2

According to a rampant rumor, Amy and Emma cut off all ties.

overlook
fail to notice
例文
1

The teacher overlooked her absence, mainly because she was always present.

例文
2

If we overlook small mistakes, the powerpoint was not too bad.

본 교재는 당사 편집진이 제작하는 링글의 자산으로 저작권법에 의해 보호됩니다. 링글 플랫폼 외에서 자료를 활용하시는 경우 당사와 사전 협의가 필요합니다.

Gangnam, Seoul, South Korea—elegantly dressed office workers pour out onto the streets, flanked [1] by coworkers to take their lunch break. Sleek, minimalistic interiors of high-rise buildings mirror the impeccable [2] getup and makeup of these workers, but a closer look betrays a hint of fatigue that layers of foundation could not conceal. Starbucks outlets and other upscale coffee shops are everywhere, supplying black blood to a city that never sleeps.

Seoul’s modern, cutting-edge image is a cherished symbol of South Korea’s first-world status. Today, the country is home to innovative tech giants and is one of the world’s largest economies in the world with a GDP per capita of $34,998. But bright neon signs, impressive buildings, and streets abuzz with well-dressed people are not the only markers of Seoul’s cityscape. There is another prominent yet less discussed feature: the apartments.

Almost identical-looking apartments cover Seoul and adjacent cities, so much so that when looked at from above, you can easily spot clusters of coiling dominos. These apartments are the legacy of the rapid, centralized economic development South Korea went through in the 60s and 70s, yet the country has not seen a lot of new demand for other forms of living. Their looks are nearly unchanged from the boom years—most are rectangular with a huge construction company logo or unit numbers stamped on the side. The buildings are housed in a guarded complex, where you typically find artificial streams, a playground, and overground and underground parking areas.

Despite the undeniable “communist feel” of these buildings that “resemble the buildings seen in some parts of Moscow,” as once described by a The Washington Post journalist, owning an apartment, especially one developed by a recognizable company, is a status symbol in South Korea. It is possible South Korea’s early developers who studied in the US were influenced by the boxy look of stand-alone suburban homes, but the country’s apartments have a uniquely homogenous look designed for convenience and not beauty. According to one judge who oversaw an annual contest to select the best apartment constructed within the previous year, copycatting is rampant [3] within the industry, with little incentive to innovate.

The apartments were initially designed and built by South Korea’s military leaders working in tandem with conglomerates who had considerable economic and political leeway granted by the regime to expedite growth. The apartments were designed primarily for convenience and cost-efficiency as the country was scrambling its way up after a devastating war that followed decades of colonial rule. But they were also a good propaganda tool, concrete proof of the government’s promise to improve living situations. These were times when people were tightening their belts and aspiring for higher education as their only ticket to a better life, and clean, convenient apartments were partial answers to their hopes.

But the oppressive look of apartments has gone unquestioned for a long time, longer than they deserve. A hallmark of Europe’s historical towns is their old, lop-sided buildings that add to the romantic feel by virtue of their irregularity. In Rouen, Normandy, France, for example, old buildings that tilt one way or the other, with uneven wooden beams, carvings with faces blown out, thatched roofs, cones, and curves, are what make the architectural environment appealing. Perhaps Seoul’s apartments represent South Korea’s focus on family life over community life, as each well-lit and clean unit contributes to domestic comfort while adding nothing more than a drab view from the outside. But placing oneself in a community designed with aesthetic principles—artistic living—satisfies a part of us that is often overlooked [4], despite being crucial to our humanity.

In Honfleur, a colorful and festive seaside commune in France, an onlooker of a beautifully-kept mansion pointed at its decorative finial and said, “Look, that’s a sign of wealth, slightly boastful, perhaps, but it’s beautiful. The decoration adds something to the community. And strangers who walk by get to reap the benefit—it’s a pleasure to behold.”

*本教材は、Ringleを使用して英語を学ぶ学習者向けに設計されています。